Fiber Optic Cable Types Guide

The modern world thrives on the swift exchange of vast amounts of information. In the past, copper wires served as the primary medium for data transfer between network devices. However, it is now evident that fiber optic cables are steadily surpassing copper wires as a superior method for data transmission. This article will show you what fiber optic cable is.

 

What Is Fiber Optic Cable?

 

Optical fibers primarily use glass as their core material. However, plastic is suitable for shorter distances. Glass optical cables, composed of silica, possess shallow loss in the infrared range of the visual spectrum. These fiber optic cables are engineered explicitly for long-distance, high-performance data networking and telecommunications. Unlike copper wires that rely on electricity, fiber optic cables utilize light for transmitting information.

 

Internal Construction

 

A fiber optic cable consists of several components, including the core, cladding, coating, strengthening fibers, and cable jacket, with the core and cladding being the primary elements. The core is where light is transmitted through the fiber, while the cladding surrounds the core. Typically, an additional layer called the coating covers the cladding. Please refer to this excellent article: Fiber Optic Cable vs Twisted Pair Cable vs Coaxial Cable Guidance, to get a full view of the construction of fiber optic cables and the difference between other common cables.

 

 

Working Principle

 

The fundamental principle behind light transmission in optical fibers is total internal reflection. According to this principle, when the angle of incidence exceeds a critical value, the light remains trapped within the glass instead of escaping so that light travels efficiently along the fiber optic lines. Applying this principle to the design of fiber optic strands makes transmitting information through light pulses possible. The fiber core must be made of a highly transparent and pure material to transmit light or near-infrared light (typically at 850nm, 1300nm, and 1500nm). This is why optical fibers predominantly use glass and plastic as their core materials. These materials possess the essential properties needed for effective and efficient transmission of light signals.

 

 

The Different Applications of Types of Fiber Optic Cable

 

In previous discussions, we have focused on fiber optic cable types based on fiber mode or material. However, today we will provide an overview of fiber optic cable types based on their applications. Optical cables can be categorized into indoor and outdoor fiber optic lines, depending on where they are installed.

 

Indoor Fiber Optic Cables

 

Indoor fiber optic cables are known for their versatility, convenience, and affordability. These cables are commonly found in various indoor settings such as buildings, offices, and homes. Unlike outdoor fiber cables, indoor cables are subjected to lower temperatures and mechanical stress levels. However, their most important feature is their fire-resistant nature. If you want to install an optical fiber system, you might need to read this good article: A Comprehensive Tutorial to Fiber Optic Cable Installation.

 

Outdoor Fiber Optic Cables

 

Various types of fiber optic cables are specifically designed for outdoor applications, including underground fiber cables, direct buried fiber cables, and aerial fiber cables. This class possesses unique design features and characteristics that set them apart.

 

Underground Fiber Cables

 

Typically, underground fiber lines are installed by pulling them through a conduit that is buried underground at a depth of around 1 to 2 meters. This burial ensures that the cables are less prone to accidental digging. In the design of outdoor wires, lubricants are incorporated to minimize friction and facilitate smooth installation, especially when there is high tension during the pulling process.

 

Direct Buried Fiber Cables

 

Direct buried cables are similar to underground cables in that they are buried underground. However, unlike underground cables enclosed within a conduit, direct-buried cables are directly buried without any protective conduit. As a result, these cables need to be durable enough to withstand various challenges such as dust, pressure, and the potential risk of rodent chewing. Direct buried cables are inherently more robust and solid than underground cables with conduits.

 

Aerial Fiber Cables

 

Aerial cables are installed by attaching them to poles or pylons or mounting them on buildings. This deployment method offers protection against human-induced damage or theft. However, it also exposes aerial cables to a higher risk of damage by natural elements such as storms, strong winds, and ice.

 

Submarine/Underwater Fiber Cables

 

Submarine or underwater cables, as their name implies, require robust protection against water and moisture due to the specific outdoor environments they are installed. Most underwater cables are now constructed using gel, absorbent powder, or tape to address this need. These protective measures are typically applied to loose tubes or ribbon cables to ensure the cables remain unaffected by water.

 

While indoor cables and outdoor fiber optic cables differ in various aspects, cables are now available that can be used for both indoor and outdoor applications. These cables are designed to withstand challenging outdoor conditions while meeting the flame rating requirements for indoor use.

 

The Fiber Optic Cable Installation Guide

 

Fiber optic cables have become increasingly popular among network service providers due to their high bandwidth, low power loss, and lightweight characteristics. They are extensively used in modern network cabling. However, despite their numerous advantages, proper care is still required during fiber cable installation. The following section will provide specific advice for installing fiber lines in various locations, including conduit runs above ceilings and below floors and runs in cable trays and risers.

 

Conduit Cabling

 

Conduit cabling finds application indoors, within walls or ceilings, and outdoors, particularly for underground cables. However, installing cables within conduit can pose challenges in terms of flexibility, making it difficult for moves, additions, and changes. It is essential to ensure smooth transition points when pulling cables through the conduit. It is recommended to leave an extra piece of conduit outside the transition area to prevent the cable from resting on sharp edges. Alternatively, an inner duct or flexible conduit can protect the cables from damage. Pull boxes are necessary for fishing the cable run and creating loops for the next section of the conduit. Fish tapes or pull cords should always be placed within the conduit to facilitate installation.

 

Dropped Ceilings and Raised Floors Cabling

 

Installing fiber optic cables in drop ceilings or raised floors is often the most accessible approach. Drop ceilings comprise lightweight panels supported by metal frames or grids attached to the ceiling. These panels can be easily moved and pushed up, creating additional space for other equipment installation. Ensuring that fiber cables in these spaces are appropriately supported and organized is essential. Tools such as trays, J-hooks, and cable ties are recommended for easy cable management. These tools help manage and secure fiber optic lines efficiently.

 

Trays Cabling

 

Cable trays or ladder racks are excellent solutions for the convenient, safe, and efficient installation of optical fiber cables. These trays can be installed in various locations such as ceilings, under floors, and riser shafts. They provide reliable support and a certain level of protection for the cables. However, it is crucial to be mindful of potential stress on the cables. When routing fiber cables in the trays, it is advisable to minimize tension, crushing, and bending as much as possible. Ensure that the cabling routes avoid sharp turns, snags (such as from other cables), and rough surfaces. It is best to avoid pulling cables under or between heavier cables or multiple cables, as this can create excessive stress.

 

Remember to secure the cables to the tray using cable ties when making moves or adding fiber cables. This will help prevent damage during changes or reconfigurations. It is recommended to secure the cable to the tray with cable ties every three feet to maintain proper support and protection.

 

Riser Cabling

 

It is advisable to use cables with at least an OFNR (Optical Fiber Nonconductive Riser) rating for vertical riser cabling. When pulling cables vertically, it is vital to use a device or mechanism that supports the cable without crushing or damaging its core. The cables should be adequately supported using cable ties in the wiring closet or other appropriate locations. It is recommended to begin the installation at the top floor and work downwards, minimizing strain on the cables during installation. 

 

Note: If you want to minimize signal loss in Your Network you might need to read this article: Fiber Attenuation Guide: How to Minimize Signal Loss in Your Network

 

Conclusion

 

Fiber optic cables have revolutionized the telecommunications industry with their ability to transmit data over long distances at high speeds. They provide a secure, reliable, and efficient means of transferring vast amounts of information using light signals. Whether used in indoor or outdoor settings, fiber optic cables offer a range of options designed to meet specific requirements. If you want to understand more about the different types of fiber optic cables and their applications, please get in touch with QSFPTEK via [email protected].